Emma Goldman

You can never imagine a world without Emma Goldman. Emma Goldman died on May 14, 1940. Emma dedicated her life to the creation of a radically social order. Also, she embraced anarchism for its vision; and it offered liberty, harmony, and social Justice. She had a deep commitment to absolute freedom and that led her to espouse a range of controversial causes. Goldman was a radical thinker. Forty years on she is more than emblematic, she is iconic. Emma Goldman was born in the imperial city of Russia of Kovno on June 27, 1869. Emma's mother Taube was married to a man when he was 15 years old He later died and she was left with two children.Emma's mother had a second marriage arranged to Abraham Goldman. First of all, when Emma was a child she constantly was abused by her stepfather when she displeased him. Emma was uncontrollable and rebellious to her stepfather â€Å"I'll kill that brat†, he often said. (Gornick 7). Also, the family constantly moved from Konovo to Konigsberg to Petersburg. Emma's education was very limited. Although she passed the exam to secondary school, she was denied the character reference necessary for admission. The religion teacher declared her â€Å"a terrible child who would grow into a worse woman† (Gornick 7. When Emma became 12 years old education came to an end for her. When Emma was 16 years old her father told her it was time for her to get married and he would arrange this. She begged once more to return to school instead of getting married. Emma begged her father to immigrate to the United States with her sister Helena; they both wanted to Join their older sister Lena already living in upstate New York. She had threated suicide to her stepfather because her stepfather did not let her immigrate and later he let her go. In 1885, Emma immigrated to the United States and settled in Rochester, New York.She began working in clothing factories in 1886 and by the age of fifteen she worked in a corset factory. Also, Emma w orked 10 hours a day and Emma only made two and a half dollars a week. Emma met Joseph Kershner at one of her Jobs and he also shared a love for books and hatred for work. She was only 18 years old when he had convinced her that they should marry. Moreover, she learned that he was depressed and he was attracted to Emma because he thought his vitality would rescue from himself. She sued him for divorce and left him within a few months of their wedding.By 1889, she developed anarchist ideas. Her speeches attracted attention in the United States. Emma formed a close association with Alexander Beckman who was imprisoned during 1892 for attempting to assassinate Henry Clay Flink during the Homestead Steel Strike. Beckman was Goldman's first real love. Hecklers suppressed her lectures. Also, police officers would suppress her speeches and writing. Eventually, she was arrested so often that she began to carry a book wherever she went because she feared sitting in Jail with nothing to read. Emma was arrested in New York City in 1893 for inciting a riot when a group of unemployed workers reacted to a speech she had given. Goldman embarked on tours in Europe and the United States after her release from prison. In 1906, she had founded Mother Earth, a Moreover, in 1908 Goldman's naturalization as a citizen was revoked by a legal stratagem. She had published â€Å"Anarchism† and other essays two years later. Emma Goldman went to Jail because she spoke freely on birth control. When World War I broke out in Europe she opposed United States involvement and she later agitated against military conscription.In June 1917 she was sentenced for two years for these activities. In 1901, Leon Czologosz claiming he was acting under Goldman's influence, assassinated Although she had not been involved and only met him briefly, she was arrested immediately as an accomplice. Lack of evidence eventually forced the authorities to release her from prison. In September 1919 she was caug ht in hysteria over a largely imaginary network of communist operatives. Emma was called Red Emma because she was declared a subversive alien and she was deported to the Soviet Union. She did not stay there for very long.Two years after leaving she ecounted her experiences in her book My Disillusionment in Russia (1923). Goldman was an advocate for birth control, workers' rights, equality, sexual freedom, and independence for women. Also, she was either harassed or arrested anytime she gave a lecture and she was also banned outright for speaking sometimes. Goldman had become a prominent fgure as a woman in the fght for freedom in America, for economic freedom for women, racial education, and anti-militarism Even though Emma was hostile against religion she had core beliefs emerging from a Jewish tradition that had championed a universal Justice.Emma applied her ideas about free love to women, men, homosexuals, and heterosexuals consistently. Emma believed that individuals should ent er into and leave personal relationships with no constraints, a view determined by her commitment to the principle of absolute freedom and her experience of a failed marriage. She stated, â€Å"If I ever love a man again I will give myself to him without being bound by the rabbi or the law, and when that love dies, I will leave without permission. † (Goldman 1889). Goldman helped launch the No Conscription League in May 1917, soon after the entry into World War .She and Berkman were arrested for conspiring against the draft in 1917. Emma had argued her actions far from being anti American, were intended to prompt her adopted country to live up to its own ideas. Emma believed that the United States they had no right to make a war and she was a pacifist. Also, rather than organizing a conspiracy to obstruct the draft, she said, she had been claiming to exercise her rights to free rights and she had been educating her audiences about conscientious objection. After Goldman's rele ase she was re arrested on the order of the young J.Edgar Hoover, who had persuaded the courts to deny Goldman's citizenship. In 1920 she and Beckman had questioned the Soviet leader on the lack of freedom of speech and the press and the persecution of anarchists in Soviet Russia. Goldman spent the rest of her days in exile from the United States wandering through Sweden, Germany, France, England, and Canada. In 1925, she married an English Coal Miner but it was only a formality to obtain her British citizenship. In the 1920s and 1930s she struggled economically and was frustrated by the restrictions on her status as an xile on political activities.Also, she engaged herself in literary projects and in 1931 she wrote an autobiography Living My Life. Emma became increasingly concerned about the rising tide of Fascism and Nazism. The next several years she lectured Canada where she worked to gain asylum for Spanish refugees and helped foreign born radicals threatened with deportation t o fascist countries. For example in July 1936, when the Spanish American War erupted Goldman supported the Loyalist cause with an enthusiasm reminiscent of her early years in America. â€Å"In addition, narchists had succeeded in receiving popular support in parts of Spain.

Why Do Parents Let Their Kids Get Fat?

http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/magazine-19661085 Child obesity: Why do parents let their kids get fat? Obesity experts say parents are struggling with a multitude of problems when it comes to their child's weight. They range from a lack of education about food, limited cooking skills and limited money to buy healthier food to longer working hours and marketing campaigns for junk food aimed at kids. Despite the rise in child obesity, experts say it's wrong to just blame parents. They definitely have a responsibility, but the issue is much broader than simply blaming them,† says Paul Gately, professor of exercise and obesity at Leeds Metropolitan University. Many parents don't realise their child is fat when it might be obvious to other people, he says. According to studies, 75% of parents underestimated the size of an overweight child, while 50% underestimated the size of an obese child.People also judge things on what they see around them on a daily basis, Gately says. Tracey adm its she let her daughter's weight creep up because â€Å"she was no bigger than some of her friends†. From a very early age children are very good at using a â€Å"whole set of behaviours† to get what they want, say experts. It's easy to judge but nearly every parent in the land has caved in to some sort of emotion blackmail from their child, says Gately. It just might not be about food.Charlie Powell, campaigns director of the Children's Food Campaign – an alliance of 150 education bodies, health groups and children's charities – says it's also hard for parents to stand up to the barrage of junk food advertising. A bit about food industry: There are huge hurdles they have to surmount to keep their children healthy. It's stuff that wasn't around in years gone by and food manufacturers are very sophisticated in the techniques they use to appeal to children. † A bit about media: A lot of it is because the images of obesity that we see in the media are people who are massive, 30 stone (190kg) or above. This is what a lot of people think of as being overweight, but they are extreme cases. It only takes a few extra pounds to actually be overweight. † A bit about social aspect: (bigger sizes are more tolerated bcause it’s not clear any more where is the limit of being fat; evwerybody around are bigger) â€Å"Two thirds of adults in the UK are now classified as overweight, so our perception of what we consider the average size to be has changed,† says Gately.

Biz Ethics Essay Research Paper Business Ethics

Biz Ethics Essay, Research Paper : Business Ethical motives at Work Writer: Elizabeth Vallance Publisher: Cambridge University Press Date Published: January 1990 This book is a practical usher to a topic straight relevant to modern-day behavior for pupils of concern and management.It offers a determination theoretical account to assist in the devising of ethical picks, and bases its ethical model steadfastly on the nature of concern itself. Title: Current Issues in Business Ethical motives Writer: Peter W. Davies Publisher: Routledge Date Published: September 1997 In this aggregation of essays, current issues in concern moralss are explored and discussed by taking governments in the field. Title: Defining Moments: When Directors Must Choose between Right and Right Writer: Joseph L. Badaracco Publisher: Harvard Business School Publishing Date Published: August 1997 Explores the inquiry of whether one can regulate innocently in a concern universe where personal moralss may interfere with the demands of the organisation. The writer draws on three director instance surveies, literature, and moral philosophers such as Machiavelli, Nietzsche, and Marcus Aurelius to discourse ways in which directors can believe about ethical quandary in their work life. : Business Ethical motives at Work Writer: Elizabeth Vallance Publisher: Cambridge University Press Date Published: January 1990 This book is a practical usher to a topic straight relevant to modern-day behavior for pupils of concern and management.It offers a determination theoretical account to assist in the devising of ethical picks, and bases its ethical model steadfastly on the nature of concern itself. Title: Current Issues in Business Ethical motives Writer: Peter W. Davies Publisher: Routledge Date Published: September 1997 In this aggregation of essays, current issues in concern moralss are explored and discussed by taking governments in the field. Title: Defining Moments: When Directors Must Choose between Right and Right Writer: Joseph L. Badaracco Publisher: Harvard Business School Publishing Date Published: August 1997 Explores the inquiry of whether one can regulate innocently in a concern universe where personal moralss may interfere with the demands of the organisation. The writer draws on three director instance surveies, literature, and moral philosophers such as Machiavelli, Nietzsche, and Marcus Aurelius to discourse ways in which directors can believe about ethical quandary in their work life.

Hume and the Problem of Induction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hume and the Problem of Induction - Essay Example It is possible that a piece of food will poison the individual even though it has never poisoned him or her in the past. Therefore, the individual has weaken his or her conclusion by claiming that probably the piece of food is not going to poison him or her. The statement is true concerning the statement of psychological conviction. The question that rings is, Is It rationally justifiable in any sense of objective? Therefore, it can be said that any form of inductive argument and reasoning is only reliable when the outcome or the conclusion from the statement is almost true most of the time. According to Hume, if at all there were any of such arguments it will be simple enumerative induction. Hume himself does not use the concept of induction. In any case, whatever has come to be called the problem of induction has come down to everyone. Hume problem of induction is into two different parts. The first part is the descriptive problem. In this part, it explains how human’s beings are able to form opinions out of fact matters that are unobserved. The second part is the normative section. The second part tries to answer the question of whether the beliefs that are in such ways are justified. Hume’s tries to answer questions of life on whether individuals who reason out just the same way people do, have the reason to believe on his or her conclusions, on the parts of nature he or she knows nothing about and has not observed (Sloman and Lagnado, pg. 95). The first claim of Hume is negative: a priori cannot be from any knowledge that is not observed. Rather the priori must be derived from the knowledge that has been gained through observation and experience. Imagine an individual who has never heard about snow leave alone seeing it. For the first, he or she is shown a snowball and asked to make a prediction even before he or she has touched it, whether it will be hot or cold.

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 29

Reflection - Essay Example Particularly, the addressed bioethical issues are undoubtedly critical to the welfare of both Western and sub-Saharan African countries. Focus on medical treatment, informed consent, care standards, and animal experimentation denote the need to integrate African perspectives into the already existent utilitarianism and Kantianism approaches to bioethics. In essence, differences in moral values both in the West and in sub-Saharan Africa ought to be accounted for as far as bioethical practices are concerned. In conclusion, Thaddeus Metz’s exploration of an African moral theory of bioethics is commendable. Amid regional and international diversity, the ultimate biomedical goal is to promote appropriate and relevant moral practices around the world. In this respect, the underlying variations in the moral explanation of medical treatment, informed consent, care standards, and animal experimentation should serve as a uniting factor in the progressive growth and development of biomedical sciences. Moreover, moral theories in bioethical contexts ought to reflect diverse global

Analyze Text from New Testament Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyze Text from New Testament - Essay Example Applied at a wider scale of religious purview, the troubles of life are often compared to the storms of a sea that can arrive without prior awareness and indicate certain doom. A storm represents various difficulties that individuals are facing in their daily life. In such a situation, the storm seems no less than an evil and its short but significant battle with Jesus portraying a ‘combat myth’, to that of the ‘cosmic battle’ between good and bad – God and Satan. Nonetheless, such situations help an individual to increase faith in God, which further indicates ‘dualism’ signifying both good and bad. Correspondingly, religious implications of this text are undoubtedly important in the life of any individual (Bible Gateway, 1989). The trip across the sea represents a classroom where Jesus teaches a lesson on faith to His disciples. Jesus suggests to His followers to move from one corner of the sea to the opposite shore. This particular text in Mark signifies the eternal emphasis of Christianity on the importance of Faith, especially when considering the cosmic battle of the Evil and the God. As per the religious belief persistent, Evil is always in an attempt to influence the followers of God and distract them from their devised path of rightness, morality and eternal peace. It is likely that evil shall win if the followers lack faith in God that He would protect them even if He were asleep with closed eyes and rested hands on a cushion. Followers need to believe that they are in safe hands, provided they offer themselves to the God with all their soul and have trust in Him. It is thus that Jesus said, â€Å"Why are you so afraid? Do you still have no faith† (Harland, 2006). The text also suffices another key belief of Christianity that evil can bear any face or identification. It is its intention to destruct what has been created by God, which can only help to identify the evil. Even in this text, Mark indicates Satan in the face of

Men and women, Yin & Yang Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Men and women, Yin & Yang - Essay Example When a person meets his Mr. or Ms. Perfect, the pull is irrefutable and incomprehensible despite all differences in behavior and personalities. They are attracted to each other even when they are living far apart. This attraction has always been there in all ages. The girl is yin, and the guy is yang. Yin attract yang with her feminine traits, and yang attracts yin with his masculine traits. Yin is emotional, while yang is indifferent. However, both yin and yang harmonize each other quite perfectly, balancing each other’s negative traits with their positive ones. The yang characteristics of men help them in reasoning and making logical decisions. Their way of approaching problems and solutions is based on intellect rather than emotion. They accomplish their mission with ingenuity and wisdom. They use their absolute willpower and persistent determination to achieve their goals. They are blessed with such resolute power with which they can lead independent lives. They are patient, understanding, and authoritative in nature. They consider themselves as that positive light which can bring the world out of darkness. Hence, they are also dominant in their personal relationships. In contrast, the yin characteristics of women include receptiveness, shyness, and responsibility. Women are more inclined toward emotional logic and sixth sense. They perceive problems with their inner eyes, and spend ample time in making choices that prove to be fruitful in the long run. They give importance to love over practicality. They are more compassionate than their yang counterparts, and believe in poignant aspects of relationships. To them, love is the most cherished possession, and they will do everything to sustain it. They are born with self-sacrificing nature, and are inclined to prefer others to themselves. Extremities in yin and yang characteristics disturb the balance that is required to maintain harmony between the two genders. When a man is too yang, he

Drafting And Design In The Field Of Industrial Engineering Entails Essay

Drafting And Design In The Field Of Industrial Engineering Entails - Essay Example The field of industrial engineering entails engineers determining the best methods of using factors of production such as energy, materials, machines people and information to make products. Industrial managers form a link between operational performance and goals. Industrial engineers have the concern of maximizing production by managing people, technology methods of business planning and other factor inputs. They differ from the rest of the engineers who only deal with products or processes. As much as most of the industrial engineers serve in manufacturing firms, healthcare companies, communication, and consulting services (Sloan Career Cornerstone Center, 2015). Industrial engineers study products and their requirements carefully and use complex mathematical skills such as research and installation of manufacturing systems. They do so while attempting to solve problems that relate to production, organizational and related problems. Industrial engineers also design systems that help in management control for efficient coordination of activities, which maximizes production. They also improve or develop the physical distribution of services and goods systems. Their work also entails the determination of the best combinations of raw material, transportation services, costs and availability of factors of production (US Department of Labor, 2015). They use the computer and other technology systems in controlling and simulating different activities and devices. The work of industrial engineers may also be the development of systems for salary and wage administration as well as job evaluation programs. For one to be an industrial engineer, they require having a bachelor’s degree in the field of engineering. Such a requirement is the most common for many entry-level jobs in engineering. In addition to this credential, one may become an industrial engineer if they are a college graduate with a degree in mathematics or physical science.

Education in britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Education in britain - Essay Example ey have a high standard of teaching, and efficient facilities that improve on the quality of teachings conducted by these institutions (Clughen, 2012). On this basis, almost every student who passes through private schooling will qualify for a place in some of the British prestigious institutions. In Britain, it is mandatory for girls and boys to attend full time learning until they reach the ages of 16 years. However, majority of students stay at school after the ages of 16 years for purposes of preparing themselves to attend university education, or for purposes of advancing their careers. In private schools, students usually finish their education when they reach the ages of 18 years, and almost all these students usually qualify to attend a university education at a prestigious university institution (Clughen, 2012). In 1988, Britain introduced a national curriculum whereby all schools that are funded by the state must follow (Smith, 2012). This national curriculum targets students who are of ages 5 to 18 years old. However, it is not mandatory for private school institutions to follow this curriculum. But, these private institutions have to prove that they offer an all round education system, and therefore, they are inspected on a regular basis. At state schools, every year of study has a number, for instance, primary education begins with year 1. Secondary education on the other hand begins with year 7, and majority of students begin their secondary education when they are of ages 11 years. However, in some private schools, children begin their secondary education when they are of age 13 years that is in year 9 of their studies. At the end of the fourth key stage that is in year 11 children usually take a series of examinations referred to as the GCSE. This examination usually comprises of between 8 to 10 subjects, and these subjects include Mathematics, English, Science, Religious studies, etc. At the fifth key stage, students usually take an advanced

Native American, Cochise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Native American, Cochise - Essay Example However, this traditional system of governance was gradually disrupted by the whites. In their quest to overturn the traditional, the white settlers faced some form of fierce resistance from the Native Americans under the leadership of their chiefs and these conflicts resulted in bloodshed in different situations. One of the chiefs remembered for his sworn hatred and resistance to American dominance is Cochise. The history of Cochise is a must read since it enlightens the readers about the events that took place in the 17th century before the birth of ‘democracy’ in America which characterises the present day government in this country. Cochise was an Apache Indian Chief and his territory covered parts of Arizona and New Mexico (HistoryNet, 2013. There are various key events that defined Cochise such as his involvement in different battles against the white settlers. When the white settlers invaded America, they were resisted by the natives which culminated in different battles. Cochise played a significant role in waging some of these battles in defence for their peace. The critical event in the history of Cochise happened in 1872 when a high powered delegation was dispatched to negotiate with him in order to stop Apache war in the Southern Arizona. According to Sweeney (n.d), the top officials sent from Washington had realised that Cochise was the key person to approach in order to obtain lasting peace with the Chiricahua apaches. Thus, it can be seen that this person was critical in as far as the attainment of peace was concerned. Born around 1810, Cochise grew up in the native America but somehow during his mid thirties, things began to change as they started experiencing some conflicts with the Mexicans as well as the white settlers. Having assumed chieftainship around this age, Cochise had no problem settling with these new comers. However, the turning point was in 1860 when cattle belonging to whites were raided and a child was kidnapped. Co chise was suspect in this incident and was summoned together with his family to try to address this issue. This led to the arrest of his family but he managed to escape and from then started to wage war with the whites in revenge for killing members of his family. After the incident, various battles ensued between Cochise’s people and the Americans and Mexicans and these resulted in loss of life. Cochise declared hatred against the white Americans for killing his people and he dedicated himself to fight until the bitter end in defence of his homeland and people. Originally, the Indians lived in the mountainous mountains in the Southwest and they managed to defend their homeland territory under the chieftainship of their great king until a peace treaty was signed in 1872. Up until today, Cochise is one of the few people recognised in the American history for waging a bitter war against the whites in defence of their territorial integrity and sovereignty. He is one of the nativ es to cause sleepless nights to the Americans since they could not easily subdue this great fighter who had a combative battalion. Up until the end, Cochise came to be admired by the Americans for his outstanding guerrilla warfare skills that resulted in the death of many Americans. Though he also lost a great number of his own people through these conflicts, Cochise was not defeated in his cause for defending the territorial integrity of his homeland. He is remembers as one native fighter who defeated the

The Measure of a Man Essay Example for Free

The Measure of a Man Essay And in this way, smiling, nodding to the music, he went another mile or so and pretended that he was not already slowing down, that he was not going to turn back, that he would be able to drive on like this alone, and have the right answer when his wife stood before him in the doorway of his home and asked, Where is he? Where is your brother?(Wolff 269) What is the measure of a rich man? Is it his material possessions, the extent of his spirituality, or is it how he chooses to share his wealth with others, whether it is material or spiritual? Are we really our brothers keeper or are we keepers of only our own wants and desires? These are all questions posed by Tobias Wolff in his short story, The Rich Brother. However, he provides an underlying answer to these questions. Is Pete really the richer brother because he has more material possessions? Wolff leads the reader to believe that this statement is not accurate. Although Pete has more money and material possessions than his brother, Donald is truly the richer brother because of his spiritual insight and the care he exhibits toward Pete. Money alone is not the measure of a rich man. Wolff conveys this message through Petes values, his attitude toward Donald, and through religious symbolism. Wolff makes it very evident to the reader what Petes values are throughout the story. When Pete has the dream about being blind it allows the reader to draw the conclusion that he is blinded by his own wealth. He cannot see what is really important in life. Pete is more concerned about being seen as a prosperous individual than he is about being seen as a spiritual individual. Because of this it is hard for him to understand his brother Donald and this is evident when the narrator says, Pete couldnt make sense of it. Their parents were both dead, but while they were alive neither of them had found it necessary to believe in anything. They had managed to be decent people without making fools of themselves, and Pete had the same ambition(Wolff 257) Pete believes that money is a sign of your success in life and he feels that Donalds life is worthless because he doesnt have any money or material things to show for it. This is made apparent when Pete says, You dont know! How could you know? You get money by holding out your hand You work too. Dont kid yourself brother(Wolff 267). Another example of this is when the narrator says, He handed down his judgements in ways that he seemed to consider subtle: through significant silence, innuendo, looks of mild despair that said, Brother, what have you come to? What Pete had come to, as far as he could tell, was prosperity. That was the real issue between them. Pete prospered and Donald did not prosper(Wolff 257) Another instance in which his values are illustrated is when Donald asks him what he dreams about and Pete says, Sex and money. Mostly money. A nightmare is when I dream I dont have any(Wolff 261). This allows the reader to see that all Pete cares about is money and it makes it hard for the reader to sympathize with him. Petes attitude toward his brother also makes it hard for the reader to sympathize with him. He views his brother as a waste of his own time and money and is very jealous of Donald as well. Wolff makes this clear to the reader when Donald says, Youre basically a very frightened individualVery threatened. Youve always been like that. Do you remember when you used to try to kill me?(Wolff 262). It becomes apparent that Pete used to try and kill Donald because he received more attention from their mother. This is also evident when Pete says, Mom was in a state every time you burped(Wolff 262). Pete also continuously tries to free himself from the responsibility of taking care of his brother. This is illustrated when he finds out that Donald gave the money away. Pete tells Donald, You just keep quiet or I swear to God I wont be responsible(Wolff 267). Petes jealous tendencies also become visible when he thinks about Donalds promise from Webster coming true. And it came to him that it would be just like this unfair life for Donald to come out ahead in the end, by believing in some outrageous promise that would turn out to be true(Wolff 268). All  these factors help aid the reader in drawing the conclusion that Donald is the richer of the two brothers. Although Wolff uses the actions and dialogues of the characters to emphasize the fact that Pete is not as rich as he may seem, Wolff also uses religious symbolism to help the reader make this connection as well. This entire story parallels the biblical parables of The Prodigal Son and Cain and Abel. Pete thinks to himself, What a joke if there really was a blessing to be had, and the blessing didnt come to the one who deserved it, the one who did all the work, but to the other.(Wolff 268). He is very jealous that someone could get ahead of him in life just by doing nothing. At the end of the story narrator says, hepretendedthat he was not going to turn back, that he would be able to drive on like thisand have the right answer when his wife stood before him in the doorway of his home and asked, Where is he? Where is your brother?(Wolff). This provides evidence for the reader to see the parallel between Wolffs story and Cain and Abel. Wolff also uses many subtle symbolic gestures to add to the religious theme of the story. The names of all the towns mentioned in this story have a religious meaning. For example, Santa Cruz, Paso Robles, and Soledad. Santa Cruz means holy cross, Paso Robles means, withered tree, and Soledad means loneliness. He also uses the character of Webster to symbolize Greed and Hell. Wolff makes this evident when Webster states, The doctors have no name for it, but I doGreed. My greed, not hers.(Wolff 264). It is also symbolic when Webster gets dropped off in Soledad. It is insinuated that love of material things only results in loneliness and love of material things can only lead to Hell. When Webster speaks of the Lowlands, he is speaking about Hell. All these aspects of the story help add to its religious connotation. We all have heard the famous cliche, Money is the root of all evil. It is easy for a person to say that he would be charitable if he was rich, but money is a very powerful object in todays society and it definitely can change someone. Money cant buy happiness, it only brings loneliness. What is the use of having material possessions if we dont have anyone to share them with. There are many people in the world that are in need and it should  be our goal to provide assistance. We are our brothers keeper no matter how bad we would like to forget it.

Kristens cookie company Essay Example for Free

Kristens cookie company Essay From the given data we can draw the following Process Flowchart The case analysis yields the following points 1. The time taken to fill rush order will depend on whether there are any orders that are being processed currently or not. Accordingly we will have two scenarios a). No order is being processed when the rush order is received. The time in this case will be equal to the sum of the time required for all the processes. Time = 6 + 2 + 1 + 9 + 5 + 2 + 1 = 26minute b). An order is being processed when the rush order is received. In the worst case, the cookies will have just been put in the oven. Thus oven will not be free before (1 + 9)= 10 minutes. By this time, the washing of the bowl and mixing of the dough for the rush order will be done. This will take 8 min. Since oven will not be free for 2 more minutes. Thus total time for this process will be 8 + 2 + 1+ 9 + 5 + 2 + 1 = 28 minutes Every additional order of a dozen cookies will take an additional 10 minutes to fulfill (as the time taken for baking is the only bottleneck involved) 2. If we are open for 4 hours (or 240 minutes), the number of orders that can be filled will be: Every order will take 10 minutes, since the baking time (ie 10min) is the bottleneck, except the first order which will take 6+ 2 =8min in the beginning and the last order which will take 5+2+1=8 more minutes. Thus, [240 (8+8)] / 10 = 22.4 orders can be filled in a day. That is 22 orders or 22*12 = 264 cookies in a day. 3. I am performing the process of washing, mixing and filling the dough in the tray, while the roommate is putting the tray in the oven, packing, and collecting the payment Thus for each order I spend: 6 + 2 = 8 minutes Roommate spends: 1 + 2 + 1 = 4 minutes A problem of idle time arises when more than one order is to be fulfilled, now if 2 simultaneous orders come, then I will have an idle time of 2 minutes and the roommate will have an idle time of 6 minutes. 4. If we order 2 dozen cookies or 3 dozen cookies, then my time will be reduced for washing and mixing, since the dough for 3 dozen cookies can be mixed together. That is my time will be reduced by 6 minutes for a 2 dozen order and 12 minutes for a 3 dozen order. My roommates time will be reduced by 1minute for 2dozen and 2 minute for 3 dozen. It is the time required for collecting payment since now she will collect payment only once for the whole order. However the total time for the process is still the same, since the baking process is the bottleneck and this will not affect the process of baking ,If this time that is saved, can be utilized for some productive work, which can earn more than the discounts we give, only then should we give discounts for 2 dozen or 3 dozen orders. 5. The business can be run smoothly using only one food processor, but the minimum number of trays that are required are 2 trays. This can be explained as follows The total time required for fulfilling an order is 26 minutes, now if another order is taken before the fulfillment of the first order then we will need another tray in which to place the ingredient mix and prepare it for baking. If we have further orders then the first tray can be used again since it will have come back after the cooling cycle. 6. To make cookies in lesser time we can use 3 ovens or use an oven with a larger capacity. With 3 ovens we can make 3 dozen cookies in just 31 minutes as compared to 48 minutes taken with just 1 oven. This amounts to an increase of 35% in sales due to time being saved. Addition of an extra oven can also help in this regard; with an extra oven we can fill 28 orders in a day instead of only 22 orders. Thus the additional rent that we can pay for an additional oven will be an amount lesser than the additional profit made by tending to 6 extra orders in a day. The additional oven will be very useful since the main Bottleneck encountered in this process is the time taken to bake the cookies. Additional analysis 1. If I were to do the whole process by myself it would take me 36 minutes to fill 2 orders which come back-to-back. The problem in this case would be that there can be no parallel processing. Thus after every 2 orders the process of baking has to start afresh, hence the total number of orders that can be filled per day will be X = (240*2)/36 = 13.333 Therefore only 13 orders can be filled everyday as compared to 22 that can be filled by 2 people. Hence working alone would have the same costs but sales would decrease by close to 50%. 2. There will be no effect on the time taken to manufacture the Crash priority order that has come up; both the new order and the order already in the oven can be delivered on time. The only problem here can arise if we have other orders in queue when this order arrives, then those orders will have to be kept waiting when we attend to this order. We can charge the customer a premium which will be equal to the number of orders whose delivery time will be extended beyond an hour due to this order. i.e. if we have 6 orders in queue and 3 of them are delayed due to the new order then Premium charged= No. of orders unfulfilled due to the new order * price; 3. The entire process time taken here is 26 minutes; every additional order will take an additional 10 minutes. Therefore we can service 4 orders in the first hour and 6 orders in every subsequent hour, this holds good if we have to deliver within an hour. If that restriction is relaxed, then delivery time we promise will be determined by the number of orders already in queue and any work-in-progress The formula that we can use for determining delivery time will be Time = (No. of orders in the queue*10 minutes) + (Work in progress* Time remaining in baking) + 10 minutes (Baking time of the new order) + 8 minutes (time till packing) i.e. if we have 3 orders in queue and another order which has to be baked for a further 5 minutes the delivery time we can promise will be Time = (3*10) + (5) +10+8 = 53 minutes. This is how we can promise delivery. 4. The major factors that should be considered at this stage of planning the business are what prices to charge, how many orders to accept and what can the profit be, the business has no extra costs apart from the input costs. But to safeguard against breakdown of equipment we must add a maintenance charge for the machine maintenance, the other costs that can come into picture are the opportunity costs, i.e. if our time was utilized in other tasks what could have been the profit we could have made. Hence these are the important factors that must be considered at this stage of planning. 5. If the product was a standard product then the following changes could be made * We can have 3 ovens, this will be useful because if the product is a standard one then we will always make 3 dozen cookies every time we prepare a mix, thus it would be useful for us to have 3 ovens as it would considerably reduce our time and give faster output * We can increase the number of orders that we can service each night * The order-taking system will be changed since now there is no customization so we will only be required to ask the customer as to how many dozens does he/she want These are the changes that should be made if the product is changed to a standardized one.

Improving WPA and WPA2

Improving WPA and WPA2 Introduction: WPA is an acronym for â€Å"Wi-Fi Protected Access†. It was designed and developed by Wi-Fi alliance as a reponse to the weaknesses and vulnerabilities in the previous wireless security protocol i.e. WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy). It is a certification program developed by WiFi alliance to indicate compliance with the previous security protocol and secure wireless networks. WPA2: WPA2 is vulnerable to insider attack(If attacker is in the network or somehow gets into the network) under certain conditions. Following are the attacks on WPA/WPA2: PSK (Pre-Shared Key) vulnerability. PSK cracking tool, Eavesdropping. (Attack on PSK Authentication) PEAP mis-configuring Vulnerability. (Attack on Authetication Server) TKIP Vulnerability. (Attack on Encryption) Encyption in WPA2: There are two types of keys used in WPA2 for encryption: Pairwise key(PTK): It is used to protect unicast data frames. Group key (GTK): It is used to protect group addressed data frames like Broadcast APR data request frames. It is used as an encryption key in Access Point(AP) while as a decryption key in Client. Analysis and Improvement of 802.11i (WPA2): The security requirement for WLAN(Wireless Local Area network) industry are data confidentiality. Intergrit, mutual authentication and availability. Primary recommendations: CCMP should be used for data confidentiality. Mutual Authentication must be implemented for security concerns. Addresses DoS(Denial of Service ) in MAC (Medium Access Control)layer. Wireless Threats: Passive Eavesdropping/ Traffic Analysis: An attacker can easilty sniff and store all the traffic in the WLAN. Message Injection / Active Eavesdropping: An attacker is capable of inserting a message into the wireless network with the help of NIC cards(Network Interface cards). Attacker can generate any choosen packet, modify contents of the packet and completely control the transmission of the packet. Message Deletion and Interception: It is done by interfering with the packet reception processon the receivers antenna. eg. Causing CRC errors so that the receiver drops the packet. Message interception means that an adversary is able to control a connection completely i.e an attacker can capture a packet before the receiver actually receives it and decide whether to delete the packet or forward it to the receiver. Masquerading and Malicious AP (Access Point): An attacker can learn MAC addresses by eavesdropping and it can also spoof MAC address. Session hijacking: An adversary may be able to hijack alegitimate session after the wireless devics have finished authenticatin themselves successfully. It can be overcome using data confidentiality and strong integrity meachanism Man in the Middle Attack (MitM): ARP cache posioning is a type of Man in the Middle Attack in case of wired connection. Denial of Service(DoS): An adversary is capable of making the whole Basic Service Set (BSS) unavailable, or disrupting the connection between legitimate peers . Ex. forging the unprotected management frames, protocol weaknesses or jamming of frequency bands with denial of service to the legitimate users. Data Confidentiality and integrity: It defines threee confidentiality security protocols: WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy). TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) CCMP (Counter Mode Cipher Blocking chaining MAC (Message Authetication Code) Protocol). A temporal key (TK) is assumed tobe shared between peers before executing any data confidentiality protocols. Authentication and Key Management: There are two types of Authetication systems: Open System Authetication. Shared Key Authentication. These are not secured so IEEE802.11i definesa new standard viz. RSNA (Robust Security Network Association) RSNA establishment procedure: Network and Security Caability Discovery. 802.11 Authentication and Association. EAP / 802.1X / RADIUS Authentication. 4-way handshake Group key handshake. Secure data communication. Availability: Main cause is due to DoS attack: First, an adversary can launch an 802.11i attack much more easily than a physical layer attack, with only moderate equipment. Second, it is much more difficult for a network administrator to detect and locate these attacks. Layer abstraction is a very important concept in networks, requiring each layer to provide independent functionality separately. Michael Algorithm is used to solve above problems. It woks as follows: When a incorrect packet is detected by Access point, it waits for 60 secs,within this time span of 60 secsif another incorrect packet is received by access point from the same source then it shut down that link. Application: 1. Security for Mobile ATE: The data collected from hardware systems using mobile phones, PDAs application needs to be protected as currently many internet like things are done on mobiles only. We are also aware that the security in mobile phones while accessing internet is not secured.To overcome this, many ATE (Automatic test Equipment) are isolated from networks and run in stand-alone environments. An ATE system describes a single hardware device performing test measurements or a group of devices testing another hardware system. Mobile app developers need to focus on securing data using apps: Configuration of the mobile device. Apps running on the device. Equipment communicating with the device. Wireless connection between the device and ATE. When ATE is sending data out from the device, it can use an https connection, data encryption and user authenticationto ensure that the non-trusted sources will not have access to the data.The wireless connection between the device and the server should be secured using wireless security protocols like WPA,WPA2, HTTPS and AES encryption. Below fig. shows the security concerns for the mobile devices. Fig. Major Mobile Application Server Areas Securing the Wireless Connection: The mobile device should never connect to the ATE system through an unsecure WiFi network. Users must connect to the networks that implements strongest security protocol with encryption included. In strict scenarios, the application must use a secure VPN(Virtual Private Network) to connect to the server. Securing the mobile Device: No amount of coding, server configuration or wireless setup will be useful if the hardware containing the mobile application has already been compromised. Before installing any application on the mobile device, user must check that they have ot already compromised their systems security features by jailbreaking or rooting the device. A jailbroken device is that device where user removes â€Å"Operating system limitations imposed by the manufacturer†. By both of the process i.e. jailbreaking or rooting, all of the security features that the system designers built-in to protect users are put into jeopardy. Securing the Application: Application must not gain too much controlof the mobile device. Each application must be independent of each other i.e one application must not call other application or use resources of the other. Securing the ATE system: The administrator and the developer on the ATE server need to work together to assure that the server providing the mobile apllication data is secure. Most of the data processing must be done on the ATE server side as it is difficult for the attacker to access data and also computing power is ore on server side. (A)Data Acquisition Methodology: Obtaining black -listed IP addresses: It was obtained from a german website, which was not up-to-date. This blacklisted IP addresses were the primary source for quantifying illegal activities. Associating blacklisted IP addresses with geographic locations: IP addresses were never assigned to a specific geographical area or region. IP addresses were assigned to organisations in blocks or assigned to residences through fixed commercials ISPs. Maxmind provided one such tool named GeoIP. The GeoIP tool contains a database of IP addresses and their corresponding global location information viz. City, State, Country, longitude and latitude. Obtaining security statistics of WiFi deployments: The statistics of WiFi deployments such as percentage of secure access points and the number of blacklisted IP address occuring within the specific deployments for cities. (B) Data Manipulation Methodology: It involves processing the data. Depending on the number of IP addresses balcklisted, city were choosen i.e the city having highest number of blacklisted IP addresses were considered. Data Analysis Methodology: We generated derived statistics of fileds such as IP address availability, WiFi network security and the number of blacklisted IP addresses. Results of Data realated Methodology: Suggestion: After 2006, every wireless enabled device is WPA/WPA2 certified and Trademarked by WiFi alliance. The biggest hurdle is that users are unaware of the wireless security protocols and in the security dialogue box also first one is â€Å"None† and after that there is a list from WEP to WPA2. It has been seen that the user choose â€Å"None† or WEP as a security protocol without knowing exactly what that security protocol does as it comes earlier in the list. So, the first and the foremost thing is do make user aware of the protocols and advice them to use better protocol as per the requirements. For Ex.,Corporate world must use the toughest to decipher protocol whereas normal user can use somewhat lighter version of the protocol with good password, but it must never have the Wireless access without any security protocol i.e. none. References: Security for Mobile ATE Applications by Susan Moran. Malicious WiFI Network: A First Look by Andrew Zafft and Emmaneal Agu. Security Analysis and Improvements for IEEE 802.11i by Changhua He and John C Mitchell .

Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay: The Existential Anguish of J. Al

The Existential Anguish of J. Alfred Prufrock      Ã‚   Upon reading Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," the first question which sprang to my mind was the question of how Eliot, a poet who was in his mid-twenties at the time, was able to write a poem dealing with the problems of aging in such a penetrating manner. Upon closer examination, however, I realized that Prufrock's aging was only incidental to his central problem. Prufrock's major problem is a problem of existential anguish. Prufrock's doubts about aging at a dinner party are merely one example of this anguish, and this party brings his psychology into sharp focus when the reader examines closely the moment in which the poem's events occur.    It is true that Prufrock's overtly expressed fears all seem to stem from his aging. For instance, he mentions the thinning of his hair in lines 40, 41, and 82; and the aging itself is mentioned toward the end of the poem:    I grow old . . . I grow old . . . I shall wear the bottoms of my trousers rolled. (lines 120-121)    However, all of Prufrock's problems stem from his insecurity and his inability to reveal his interest in the women at the party. "How should I presume?" he asks several times throughout the poem. (lines 54, 61, and 68) Prufrock is so entranced and frustrated by the women that every detail, including the arms "braceleted and white and bare" (line 63), the "long fingers" that smooth away the afternoon (line 76), and the "skirts that trail along the floor" (line 102) become everything to him in that moment.    These small details so obsess Prufrock and so occupy his mind, in fact, that everything else ceases to exist for him. He does not simply wonder how he should p... ... of the poem, then become clear. In the epigram, he quoted someone directly addressing the reader; in the first twelve lines, he invites us to "make our visit" (line 12); and in the three lines of the poem, Eliot tells us that "We have lingered [...] Till human voices wake us, and we drown." (lines 129-131) At this point, Eliot invites us to identify ourselves with the main character of the poem. J. Alfred Prufrock is not simply J. Alfred Prufrock. There is a quite a bit of Prufrock, with his self-doubt and his existential anguish, in all of us. But unlike Dante, we do not return to a normal life: we are merely drowned in "the chambers of the sea," (line 129), which the mermaids ride, uncaring.    References Eliot, T.S. "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" in The McGraw-Hill Book of Poetry. Ed. Robert DiYanni and Kraft Rompf. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993.

Lebanon and its main problems Essay -- essays research papers fc

Lebanon Lebanon is a Middle Eastern country that is delimitated to the west by the Mediterranean and to the east by the Syro-African Depression. Lebanon borders Syria to the north and to the east, and Israel in the south. Lebanon’s climate is â€Å"Mediterranean†; mild to cool, wet winters, and hot, dry summers. Some of Lebanon’s natural resources are the limestone, salt, water and iron ore. Like any other country there are natural hazards such as dust storms and sandstorms. [ Population pressures: growth, urbanization, immigration. Lebanon’s population consists of 3, 777, 218 (this data is from July, 2004) Age structure:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ~ 0-14 years: 26.9% (male 517,356; female 496,888)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2004 estimation* ~ 15-64 years: 66.3% (male 1,197,430; female 1,305,339)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ~ 65 years and over: 6.9% (male 117,930; female 142,275) Median age: total: 26.9 years male: 25.9 years female: 27.9 years (2004 est.) Population growth rate: 1.3% (2004 est.) Birth rate: 19.31 births/1,000 population (2004 est.) Death rate: 6.28 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female Total population: 0.94 male(s)/female   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Infant mortality rate: total: 25.48 deaths/1,000 live births male: 28.21 deaths/1,000 live births female: 22.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.35 years   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   male: 69.91 years  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   female: 74.91 years Total fertility rate: 1.95 children born/woman (2004 est.) [ Economic issues: The Lebanese economy is â€Å"service-oriented: main growth sectors include banking and tourism†. There are no limitations on foreign exchange or capital movement, and â€Å"bank secrecy† is strictly enforced. Lebanon recently adopted a law to combat ‘money laundering’. Moreo... ...clared this region not to be Lebanese territory, but Lebanese resistance occasionally launches attacks against Israeli positions within it. dPossible steps to solve the conflict: The country has been able to recover from the effects of civil war throughout the years thanks to tourism. Moreover some other ways for Lebanon to recover would be foreign investment; other companies establishing their businesses in Lebanon. War in Lebanon ended in 1989 due to the â€Å"Taif-Agreement† sponsored by the ‘Arab League’. And in September 2, 2004; the United Nations Security Council, approved the â€Å"Resolution 1559† which demanded total withdrawal of Syria from Lebanon. Another fact is that since there are many Palestinians in Lebanon their civil rights cannot be granted because of problems in the past. Furthermore Palestinians could be useful for Lebanon’s economic issues if they are allowed to improve their economic and social situation; in other words integrate them. Nevertheless Palestinians have to conform to the Lebanese democratic traditions. BIBLIOGRAPHY: ~ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon ~ http://www.arts.mcgill.ca/mepp/PRRN/papers/haddad.html ~ CNN news

Kwan Win: Buddhist Bodhisattva Essay -- social issues

Kwan Win: Buddhist Bodhisattva Compassion and Peace as a Spiritual Guide The path to spiritual freedom is sought by many people in this world. Relief from suffering is sought by many more. In these times, in all times past, and probably in times to come, the need for a spiritual guide is apparent. Kwan Yin (Guan Shih Yin in China, Kannon in Japan) is a Buddhist goddess of compassion who provides this guidance and direction for countless people. Kwan Yin reflects the Mahayana Buddhist concept of bodhisattva, a being of pure compassion. â€Å"A ‘bodhisattva’ is a person who delays his or her full enlightenment in order to aid in the liberation of all beings.† Bodhisattva literally translates to â€Å"Buddha to be†, and it is only when all beings have been relieved from suffering that a bodhisattva will allow themselves to reach parinirvana. Kwan Yin illustrates the concept of a bodhisattva very well. In one story about the Thousand-Armed Guan Shih Yin (one of her better known manifestations), a Princess named Miao Shan was disowned by her father and sent to a nunnery. At the nunnery, she was forced to do the dirtiest jobs, but this did not break her spirit. Her father, the king, then sent soldiers to the nunnery to set it on fire. After performing a miraculous deed that extinguished the fire, Miao Shan’s father was even more incensed. He sent an executioner to kill her, and she was strangled to death. After his awful actions, Miao Shan’s father became very ill with a sickn...

Analysis of White River in Southeastern South Dakota

Analysis of White River in southeasterly South Dakota Your house has been asked to subject a proposal to holistically measure the White River in southeasterly South Dakota for two concerns viz. ,Groundwater resources and quality, andSurface H2O quality concerns.IntroductionWater is one of our chiefly important natural assets. If our planet would be missing it, there would be no life nowadays on this planet Earth. It’s the responsibility of Hydrologists to analyze all features of H2O organic structures present at site and its relation to geography, geology, topography, biological science, and chemical science. It’s the responsibility of Hydrologists to understand the job nowadays at site and so work out the job by using applicable proficient cognition and mathematical rules to work out water-related jobs in civilisation. These jobs include the measure, quality, and handiness of H2O. The chief undertaking of the study is to measure the Groundwater resources and quality, the 2nd portion of this study is to measure the Surface H2O quality of White River in southeasterly South Dakota. The squad of applied scientists is examining the White River in southeasterly South Dakota for two concerns viz. groundwater resources and surface H2O quality concerns. White River has expressed no serious apprehensivenesss about the possible contacts of any prospect development on the southeasterly South Dakota. Thus it is the demand of clip to set about a hydrological and hydrogeological appraisal, working to a brief agreed with Natural resources nowadays in southeasterly South Dakota.Scope of workThe program of the survey is to fix a preliminary appraisal of the possible hydrological and hydrogeological facets of White River in southeasterly South Dakota. The undermentioned range was proposed: On-site function of H2O organic structures, catchments, flow way, precipitation and overflow, infiltration and petrology of dirt strata so that all of the little watercourses taking into the river and milieus are clearly understood. The exercising of long term rainfall and vaporization statistics to measure the effectual rainfall and, by agencies of suited overflow coefficients, to think watercourse flows. These should be contrasted with the field based observations to heighten a reasonable cognition of the hydrology of the site.Prepare 1:10000 geological maps to depict the boundaries of dirt strata.Commence trial cavities to prove theoretical boundaries and deepness of impermeable strata.Install four or more boreholes into the land to show baseline statistics and trying place.Trial land Wellss for finding the land H2O table conditions.Field Observation SurveysField observation studies are carried out in order to roll up informations in signifier of geological maps, hydrological maps and terrain of the proposed site. The informations can so be acquired establishing upon the relevant undertaking. The chief purpose of this study is to roll up informations for the land H2O and surface H2O. The undertakings required to transport out such undertakings are given in the proposal below:Topography & A ; Hydrology MappingThe subdivision is divided into two chief headers i.e. Topography and Hydrology, when discoursing topography we mean the status and type of the terrain which may be picturing degrees of the land, hills, vales, woods and H2O organic structures. The topographical function is necessary to place the surface groundwater flows and their speeds. The surface groundwater is related with the overflow measure and precipitation. Hydrology is the 2nd facet of this heading under which we will discourse the conditions that chiefly relate to the deepness of the dirt H2O degree below the land surface. Barsoum et Al ( 2005 ) note that for alder, the H2O degree demands to be near to the surface when the trees are immature, but deeper when to the full grown. Optimum growing of seedlings occurs when H2O degrees are 10-30 centimeter below the surface. ( Eymard 1969 )Geological FunctionThe geological sequ ence relevant to the site must be determined so infiltration rate can warrant, H2O infiltration, sub surface flows and to find the strength of the strata for future development if any. The geology plays an of import function when depicting the hydrological information for the fact that submerged aquifers, watercourses and hot spring can be identified which are natural resources and can be utilized. The information will assist in finding of the quality of sub surface and surface H2O quality.Hydrological SurveyThe Hydrological study is the chief part of the proposal and is further divided into parts so as to understand easy: 3.1 Groundwater Groundwater hydrology believes steps groundwater flow and silt conveyance. Problems in decoding the saturated zone comprise of categorization of aquifers in footings of flow way, groundwater force per unit area and, by decision groundwater astuteness. ( Peter 2012 ) Determinations here can be made utilizing a piezometer. Groundwater location can besides be found by delving trial Wellss at close intervals and so utilizing these Wellss in similar manner as that of piezometer, the rise of H2O degree in good will order the deepness of land H2O tabular array. 3.2 Infiltration The infiltration of H2O from overflow into the dirt is a important subject. In a figure of state of affairss a dry dirt may non soak up rainfall every bit thirstily as a dirt that is antecedently wet. Permeation can sometimes be calculated by an infiltrometer. ( Peter 2012 ) 3.3 Precipitation and vaporization Precipitation is the word used to specify the rainfall strength in footings of inches or centimetres, it is normally defined in footings of deepness of H2O that can be collected if H2O beads are collected one above the other in a perpendicular chamber besides known as rain gage for a specific period of clip. Precipitation information is really utile when pulling storm hydrograph charts. Vaporization is a important fraction of the H2O rhythm. It is partly affected by moistness. A direct finding of vaporization can be taken by utilizing Symon ‘s vaporization pan. ( Peter 2012 )Remote feelingDistant detection can supply cherished information about hydrological survey by utilizing land based detectors, airborne detectors and satellite detectors. Information sing catchment country, H2O organic structure, forestation, accidents and bad lucks can be achieved with preciseness and truth utilizing distant feeling techniques.Water Quality DeterminationThe last phase of our survey once the information from preliminary phases are collected and arranged is H2O quality finding survey. In hydrology, surveies of H2O quality concern organic and inorganic compounds, and both dissolved and sediment stuff. Besides, H2O quality is affected by the communicating of dissolved O with organic stuff and a assortment of chemical alterations that may happen. Biological O demand is a tool f or finding the quality of H2O, this trial is a simple method which depicts the sum of dissolved O used up by the bacteriums present in H2O. ( David and Charles 1969 ) Work Plan and Schedule of Activities The program of the work is divided based upon the squad members company has. The chief activities of the work are shown below:Land and Topographical SurveyGeotechnical Investigation of SiteLand Water Table Location DeterminationHydrological SurveyHydrogeological SurveyWater Quality InvestigationThe squads are distributed as per the work appellation which includes the responsibilities of the Civil applied scientists, hydrologists, Surveyors, Planners, GIS Specialists, CAD operators, Riggers and Technician staff. Hydrologists may be discerning with judgment H2O supplies for white river and irrigated farms, or intriguing river implosion therapy or dirt have oning off. They will be working in environmental munition, assisting to halt or cut down pollution or place sites for safe clearance of unsafe wastes. Hydrologists may necessitate shovels to computing machines and mass spectrometers, and latest tools are being urbanised every twenty-four hours. Geographic Information Systems ( GIS ) Professionals will work with affiliated systems and plans to bring forth and go on informations and maps that can be shared with physically referenced informations. GIS package has the ability to narrate diverse types of informations such as socioeconomic, demographic, administrative or political boundaries, land usage, land screen, environmental, substructure, and transit webs. GIS Specialists perform the undermentioned undertakings:Generate maps, exposures and graphs, utilizing GIS package and connected cogwheel.Congregate with users to qualify information demands, undertaking demands, required consequences, or to construct up applications.Accomplish Research to place and acquire accessible databases.Collect, analyze, and set together spacial informations from employees and make up one's mind how most first-class the information can be displayed utilizing GIS.Bring together geographic informations from a diverseness of resources including nose counts, field observation, satellite imagination, aerial exposure, and bing maps.Examine spacial informations for geographic statistics to slot in into certificates and studies.Plan and Schedule of ActivitiesThe activities are shown in the signifier of Gantt chart is given below: Premises:The Undertaking starts on January 2014.The Work Calendar is 5 yearss a hebdomad with a work twenty-four hours peers to 8hrs.There are no excess vacations in the Schedule.The utmost conditions conditions are besides non encountered in the undertaking.Budget Allocation 77 DayssAs per the undertaking outline the payment policy is shown below:Civil Engineering undertaking director ( you ) $ 150 per hrCivil Engineer in developing $ 40 per hrCivil Engineer ( PE ) $ 100 per hrResearch Scientist $ 60 per hrSurvey technician $ 25 per hrCAD and GIS technicians $ 20 per hrSupport Staff $ 15 per hrTransportation system costs should be billed at $ 0.40 per stat mi with sensible allowance for hotels, nutrient, and other necessary costsOverhead add 40 % to overall costThe agenda dictates that the undertaking will take no more than 77 on the job yearss if the work is carried out as per the agenda. From the analysis it is observed that an estimation of 85 working yearss can be taken as the u ndertaking clip. The excess yearss which have been added are merely to counterbalance eventualities found during the undertaking timeline. Now as per 85 yearss the figure of work hours will be about 680 work hours. Thus the Project budget is tabulated below for the reader:Sr. #AppellationPay per hr ( $ )Work Hours Required ( hour )Entire Pay ( $ )Undertaking Manager150680102000Undertaking Engineer10068068000Trainee Engineer4068027200Research Scientist6052031200Survey Assistant2560015000GIS Assistant2060012000CAD Assistant2060012000Support Staff155508250Transportation system0.4 / myocardial infarction600 myocardial infarction240Eventuality40 %110356Grand Total386246Therefore the undertaking budget is about $ 386,246, the computation is shown above for the reader.Mentions:Brooks, K. N. , Ffolliott, P. F. , & A ; Magner, J. A. ( 2012 ) . Hydrology and the Management of Watersheds: Wiley. De Wit, A. ( 1996 ) . Measurement of undertaking success. International diary of undertaking direction, 6 ( 3 ) , 164-170. Eymard, L. ( 1996 ) . Study of the air-sea interactions at the mesoscale: The SEMAPHORE experiment.Annales Geophysicae. Springer-Verlag, 14( 9 ) . Hendricks, S. P. , and David S. White. ( 1991 ) . Physicochemical forms within a hyporheic zone of a northern Michigan river, with remarks on surface H2O forms.Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 48( 9 ) , 1645-1654. Munns, A. K. B. F. B. ( 1996 ) . The function of undertaking direction in accomplishing undertaking success.International diary of undertaking direction, 14( 2 ) , 81-87. Straker, E. W. I. ( 1969 ) .A Monograph on the Former Ironworks in the Counties of Sussex, Surrey and Kent, Consisting a History of the Industry from the Earliest Times to Its Cessation ; Together with a Topographical Survey of the Existing Remains from Personal Observation: David & A ; Charles, . Vorosmarty, C. J. , and Berrien Moore III. ( 1997 ) . Modeling basin-scale hydrology in support of physical clime and planetary biogeochemical surveies: An illustration utilizing the Zambezi River.Surveies in Geophysics, 12.1( 3 ) , 271-311.

Protestant Reformation and Hamlet S Character

To Do or Not To Do? How many prison terms does iodin stripping themselves shirking responsibilities they accepted, or avoiding promises they made? 1 who often finds himself in such situations, allow for almost standardisedly be competent to relate with William Shakespe ars character, village. In village, settlement is commanded by his fathers ghostwritewriter to avenge his polish off. Whenever village is presented with an opportunity to do so, he delays his action. junctures softness to act is a product of the quantify period during which the play was written. Shakespeare wrote small town during the 1600s in Elizabethan England, during the time of the conversion and the rehabilitation.The Renaissance and Reformations belief in ghosts, ways of thinking, views on avenge, and doubts more or less the afterlife slip small towns inability to act on his fathers request. The exploits of the Renaissance and the Reformation on critical points character, are shee r even before he meets the ghost. starchy mourning was taken seriously during the Renaissance, and most had people heeded a custom (which was normally upheld by a law) which forbade a leave to remarry earlier than a grade following the stopping point of her husband.In the bring forth of the play, following his fathers death and his mothers hasty remarriage, settlement enters with his suit of black, complete with mourning screen and hood. At this point, juncture is already set up as a Renaissance figure. Furthermore, hamlet asks Gertrude and Claudius if he can return to university. Gertrude replies go not to Wittenberg (1. 2. 119). juncture studied at Wittenberg, a center of the Reformation. hamlets past behavior gives evidence that he is affected by the Renaissance and the Reformation.The effect that the Renaissance and Reformation have on his actions is most apparent in his inability to avenge his fathers murder. critical point learns from the ghost of his father that his death had been a murder, and that the serpent that did sting thy fathers life right away wears his crown (1. 5. 46-47). The ghost asks Hamlet to strike back his foul and most unnatural murder (1. 5. 26). Hamlet is eager to undertake this responsibility, and says haste me to knowt, that I, with wings as lively / As mediation or the thoughts of delight / May sweep to my revenge (1. 5. 30-32). scarce in actuality, Hamlet rethinks his commitment, and procrastinates. One voice of Hamlet procrastination is when he decides that he forget not putting to death Claudius until he has actual proof of Claudiuss crime. Hamlet presents Claudius with a play. One sene of the play bob ups closelipped the circumstance, (3. 2. 76) its plot is similar to overage Hamlets murder. Hamlet tells Horatio to view mine uncle. If his occulted guilt / do not itself unkennel in ane speech (3. 2. 79-80). Hamlet wants Horatio to detect any sign of Claudiuss remorse or guilt. Why does Hamlet suddenly b egin to doubt the ingenuousness of the ghost?Hamlets unbelief is due to his protestant upbringing. Hamlet attended Wittenberg, a Protestant school . . . and Protestants did not trust in ghosts (Neuman). The Reformation had given lift to a new faction of the Church, the Protestants. Hamlet was educated by Protestants, who didnt trust in ghosts, and then he is indisposed to accept the ghosts message. Hamlets hesitation to believe the ghost can in any case be link to Renaissance skepticism. Renaissance humanism and individualism, forceful the belief in human reason, and Humanists started contend and questioning the world around them.Hamlet is affected by Renaissance skepticism, and in that locationfore is suspicious of the ghosts reality. some other obstacle that stood in the way of Hamlets revenge was the opposition of the church and state, of Renaissance English, to winning revenge. The state viewed revenge as taking the law into atomic number 53s one hands and under mining the political authority of the state. They mat that the right and correct response to the received crime would be to allow the court-ordered system to take over. The church disproved of revenge because they considered it disgraceful and a result of jealousy and hatred. In their opinion, idol was the ultimate avenger.Hamlets struggles between societys opposition to revenge and his own personal desire to avenge his fathers death. The belief of the afterlife is another cause for Hamlets inaction, lies in. The Protestant Reformation caused many debates about the existence of Purgatory and the pathway to Heaven. Catholics believe that how we behave will specialize where in the afterlife you will finally end up (Zammit). One who dies in Gods grace and fellowship and is amendly purified, lives forever in heaven. If one dies and is still imperfectly purified, he will undergo purification (biblehistory) in Purgatory.If one dies in a state of pestilent sin, he will descend into hell (Catechism of the Catholic Church). On the other hand, Protestants believe that anyone who accepts Jesus, receives him by assent and repents will go to Heaven. Those who eradicate God are sent to Hell, a nonplus of torment and separation from God. Purgatory is never explicitly mentioned in the bible, therefore Protestants reject the papist Catholic teaching that there is also a transitional place or process of purification of the soal. According to the Protestants, there is no Purgatory. Hamlet is unsure about the afterlife.At times he accepts the Catholic view, and at other times he trusts the Protestant view. Hamlet is presented with a perfect opportunity to kill Claudius. He approaches a kneeling, praying Claudius, but he is consumed with the Christian capriciousness of the afterlife. The conception that if one died while in prayer, they would automatically go to heaven (A Christian Excuse for Cruelty). Hamlet wants to kill Claudius when he is drunk asleep, or in h is rage,/ Or in thincestuous pleasure of his bed,/ At gaming, swearing, or about some act/ That has no relish of salvation int (3. 3. 89) so that Claudius will go to Hell.Although in the pervious instance, Hamlet leans towards the Catholic approach, he later discusses his uncertainty about the afterlife. Hamlet feels that if he cannot act, he can at least kill himself to escape his situation. nevertheless, in his To be or not to be soliloquy, Hamlet dismisses his suicidal plans because of his doubts about the afterlife. As Smith points out, at one point in his soliloquy, Hamlet thinks for a moment that death may be like a deep sleep, which seems like a fairly pleasant situation. But then, Hamlet wonders, To sleep Perchance to moon ay theres the rub /For in that sleep of death what dreams may come (3. 1). Hamlet is afraid of the dreams of the after life, the melodic line that the afterlife might bring (Smith). Hamlet continues to discuss the dread of something after death, and co mes to reject his plans of committing suicide because of his dubiousness of the afterlife. Hamlets inability to act is largely a byproduct of the time period during which he lived. Hamlet was influenced by societys views, doubts and beliefs. Even today, peoples actions are largely effected by the characteristics of the time period, and by societys pressures.

Education policies Essay

bringing up is so important in either stipulation society. For this reason, it forms a major straggle of any pre rampntial terms plans. The plans that any organization wishes to implement as regards their instruction schema is determined by alert policies. Factors which influence saying of policies form the subject of this intelligence. For nice presentation, the essay is divided into third chapters namely the introduction, the important body and conclusion.The introduction turns definitions of key terms utilise in the essay as come up as conceptual frame work, the main body outlines and discusses major pointors which influenced commandment policies in Afri earth-closet countries aft(prenominal) achieving their license and lastly the conclusion draws a summary of the essay. 1. 1 Statement of essay purpose This essay aims at discussing the factors which influenced nurture policies in African countries afterwardswardswards their act of liberty.The essay will outline these factors and later give a detailed discussion of each factor. 1. 2 Definitions of terms In point of battle to arouse this discussion meaningful, it is imperative that definitions of key terms that be gnarly ar done. The key terms involved in the discussion atomic add to take inher 18 teaching, policy and independency. The definitions of the terms are as apt(p) below discipline. consort to the join Nations discipline, Scientific and Culture Organisation (19751), discipline is outlined as organised and sustained communication designed to bring about learning thence maturement in this context involves a lifelong form by which an individual is incorporated into the group and make capable of behaving in the styluss expected by the society for an individual of a feature age, brace or status. gentility can accept lieu formally, non formally and informally. However, in this context the idiom is on formal discipline. indemnityA policy is delimi t as a deliberate plan of accomplishment which is put in house to guide decisions and strain intended outcomes. Policies differ from rules or laws. Rules or laws are established to compel or prohibit trusted behaviours while policies guide actions towards desired goals. This discussion, however, focuses on fostering policies. Bartlett and Burton (2012134), define an knowledge policy as the rafts of laws and initiatives that determine the shape and functioning of pedagogicsal organisations at both national and local takes. in that locationfore, information policies give direction to the functioning of an breeding system.independency This is defined as the freedom from macrocosm governed or ruled by a nonher ground. African countries in this discussion acquired the freedom to rule themselves from colonial mast 1. 3 Conceptual Framework Black more than than (1999), deposits that in that location are terce models of policy making namely popular intimacy, revisal and delegation models. This discussion will refer to these three models in outlining and discussing the factors which influenced knowledge policies in African countries after achieving their independence. These models are discussed in detail below. (a) Popular participation Policy making model.(b) In this model, allbody is given an fortune to contribute to the instruct of policies. People in African countries were given opportunities to make suggestions on swops to make to the breeding system. For example, Zambias reproductional reforms of 1977. (c) Decree Policy qualification beat In this model, the head of state makes pronouncements on the direction to be followed in a given fostering system. (d) Delegation Policy Making Model This involves appointing a commission to review the genteelness system of a given country. For example the Onide Commission was constitute to review the preparation system of Kenya in 1963.Policies are do with respect to the findings of the comm ission. CHAPTER TWO 2. 0 chief(prenominal) Body This chapter outlines and discusses the major factors that influenced tuition policies in African countries after achieving independence. These factors are as given and discussed below. reproduction for Economic Development The consideration given to grooming as an important vehicle for frugal culture is one of the factors which influenced education policies in African countries after achieving independence. Investment in formal education was considered as an essential precondition for economic growth.African countries learnt lessons from substantial countries that a high fundamental platform of education was a catalyst to fast economic suppuration. There was a vox populi among developing countries that the youthfulisation, industrialisation and wealth of demonstrable countries were the direct consequence of their educational systems. Coombs (1970) argues that during the mid-sixties education in developing countries was r egarded as a sort of intellectual yeast which would ferment and commute pre industrial societies by promoting knowledge, skills and attitudes which were favourable to economic and cordial learning.Therefore, education policies in African countries after the attainment of independence were erect at promoting education pro vision magnification in order to compass meaningful learning. In fact an argument is advance(a) by Anderson (1965), that analysis of evidence from major developed countries such as Britain, France, United States of America and Russia that in general terms, a thresh hold phallic literacy rate of 40 percent was postulate originally there be any significant take off of economic knowledge.To this end, African countries direct their policies on education after attaining independence towards increase feeler to education in order to reach the required thresh hold of literacy. Therefore, in the 1950s and 1960s, shut away and plans for investment in formal e ducation by African countries increased. learning was regarded to be a headliner weapon in achieving economic growth. To this end rapid quantitative expansion of the education system became the order of the day in freshly free African countries. Man forefinger Shortages.After attaining independence, African countries were confronted with paucity of man major power in diverse sectors of the economy. As a result of this scenario, they experienced economic stagnation. Man power shortages were heavily mat up in technical and managerial fields. Thus, education policies in just about African countries were directed towards resolving the man power shortages experienced. This situation was spare from what obtained in Kenya. As Eshiwani (199326), observes at independence in 1963, Kenya found her self-importance-importance with a high shortage of proficient manpower to run the economy.In order to go this problem, a commission was appointed to advise the giving medication on the formulation and interpretation of national educational policies. Therefore, it can be stated that man power planning in fresh main(a) countries of Africa gave a direction to the formulation of education policies. Consequently, the governments of newly case-by-case countries of Africa saw it paramount to expand the education systems of their countries in order to produce more graduates from the education system that would fill the manpower gaps which were experienced in various sectors of the economy.Most technical and managerial jobs at independence in about(prenominal) African countries were occupied by foreigners. Therefore, the aim of almost African governments was to decolonise the education systems, produce more return from secondary and high(prenominal) education so that manpower to participate in national development could be realised. Fafunwa (1974), Contends that education development in African countries like Nigeria was treated as a national emergency for the rea son of contain manpower shortages in crucial areas of the economy.In order to meet the requirements of manpower in various sectors of the economy, the policies of African countries after independence were directed at increase school enrolments, especially at the post primeval coil level. Rapid expansion of secondary and higher(prenominal) education was considered as a pre requisite for sustainable economic growth. Enhancing education as a basic valet decently Newly independent African countries were confronted with a task of providing to e truly fry their basic, essential business to education.The broad education that was to be exitd was supposed to be relevant to the child in his or her African setting. For this reason, most newly African countries had wide large(p) and recurrent budgets towards the financing of primary education for all. The cookery of education especially at elementary level to citizens of newly independent African countries was prompted by the 1948 w orld- extensive Declaration of Human Rights in which education is enshrined as a basic human rectify. As Bishop (19891), postulates, Everyone has the right to education. grooming shall be free at to the lowest degree in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. Therefore, from the antedate, newly independent African countries were compelled to provide education especially primary education on the grounds of human justice and equity. The newly independent African countries were supposed to consider primary education as the birth right of every child.This was overdue to the fact that education was seen as an effective way to give all children regardless of sex or family background an equal start in life. Furthermore, the leading of newly independent African countries considered education to be the great equaliser that would help to narrow the wide disparities which were apparent in conditions of living in boorish and urban communities. Before the attainment of independence, education in most African countries was a preserve for the elite.In order to correct this, African leaders made radical changes to their education systems to make them more helpful to everyone. As Carmody (199423), contends As in most African countries, from the early days Africas leaders viewed education as a right on, often the most powerful vehicle for accessible transformation. Thus, as the UNIP government expect power, among its immediate priorities were the elimination of racial segregation in schools and expansion of education homework. Tuition and boarding fees were abolished. A point was also made by Bishop (1989), which in the days of the 1950s and 1960s massive expansion of education provision was regarded as the best sum available for rooting out old prejudices and socio economic inj ustices. Therefore, education was regarded as basic human right which everyone destinyed to bask as provided in the foregoing arguments. In the pursuit of providing universal primary education, newly African countries set for themselves benchmarks. For example, the Addis Ababa collection on the development of education in Africa held in 1961 recommended that primary education was to be universal, compulsory and free by 1980.The conference further recommended that secondary education was to be provided to 30 percent of the children who completed primary school. Similarly, the conference of Arab states which met in Tripoli in 1966 also set 1980 as the target date for achieving universal primary education. To this end, it can be argued that one of the factors that influenced the formulation of education policies of African countries after achieving independence was related to the consideration that education was a basic human right which every citizen of a given country was supposed to enjoy .Hence, massive investment in the provision of education was undertaken by African countries after attaining independence in order to promote the achievement of universal primary education. As Court and Kinyanjui (197814), comment on the provision of Universal Primary information in Tanzania. prexy Nyerere had the choice of expanding the number of classes at grades V to cardinal so that those children entering primary education real seven favorable classs of schooling instead of tetrad.It can be concluded from the foregoing debate that the decision was arrived at because it enabled finances to be spent on the provision of 7 years of education to one child which helped him or her to become a useful member of society. African countries aimed at meliorate the access to education by increasing the number of school places which was facilitated by expanding already existing schools as well as construction of new schools in different split of their countries. furthera nce of Modernisation.African countries conjecture their education policies with respect to the purpose of attaining modernisation. In order to influence modernisation in their countries, there was massive investment in education. This was a result of the belief that schooling would assist in the inculcation of modern ideas and attitudes. Bishop (1989), postulate that evidence seemed to indicate that schooling influenced the development of modern traits and ideas. To this end, schooling had some impact on modernisation. This was manifestated in higher levels of modernity among urban batch and lower modernity among rural people.Consequently, some(prenominal) African leaders in newly independent countries felt modernisation of attitudes and behaviours was an important pre requisite for their countries development. According to Carmody (1994), education should complaisantise a nations nation into modern value, attitudes and personalities. For this reason there was more emphasis on the expansion of education systems in newly independent African countries in order to rear the access levels. Increased access to education meant increased modernity levels within a given country.In studies which were conducted be Inkeles and Smith (1974), indicate that education was the wizard most variable for modernisation. The studies indicate that each year of schooling improved a persons score on their modernity scale by about 2 points. training was also very effective in the development of incontrovertible attitudes and values. For this reason, formulation of education policies in newly independent African countries was influenced by the idea of modernisation. Modernisation was to be bring home the bacon by every citizen in the newly independent African countries through education.Ensuring Citizens Political Participation The citizens participation in policy-making affairs of their countries could be seen as one of the major factors which influenced education policies i n African countries after achieving independence. Political participation of citizens of a particular country was linked to the notion of modernisation. This was due to the fact that knowledge was regarded as power. For this reason, many policy-making leaders of African drafted educational policies which were responsive to the promotion of political participation of citizens in nation matters.This was highly clear in the limit of education which was offered to the citizens . Again this could tho be realised through the wide fete of education in African countries which most leaders promoted through the expansion of the education system. Cowan (1965), stressed that any political principle which governed education policy in independent African countries was supposed to regard as a top priority the provision of an education that would establish the most vigorous form of self government and independence.Therefore, extending schooling to a larger state would make more people politic ally and societally conscious and more active in the sour of nation building. Thus, if equal political rights were to be enjoyed by everyone then everyone ought to take for at least an tolerable primary school education to participate more fully in the political process of their country. Promotion of Social comparability and Removal of Divisions The attainment of social comparison is among the major factors which influenced education policies in African countries after achieving independence.Education was regarded as an instrument of social equality which was critical in the upbringing of social responsibility. Therefore, education policies which were put in place by African countries after attainment of independence were directed towards the promotion of social equality within their countries. Consequently, more and more school places were created in most parts of African countries to bring about the issue of equality within their countries in the provision of education servi ces.Equality in the provision of education was called for as it ensured that child was provided with varied and challenging opportunities for collective activities and corporate social services. Furthermore, Eshiwani (1993), points out that the promotion of social equality in the formulation of education policies in African countries after achieving independence helped young people to acquire positive attitudes of mutual respect which enabled them to live together in harmony and to make a positive donation to the national life.This contribution to national life was not supposed to be extended to every part of the country, hence the need of social equality in the provision of education. Respect and Development of Cultural inheritance The formulation of education policies in African countries after achieving independence was influenced by the need for promoting respect and development of heathen heritage. Education policies were directed towards the promotion of respect, fostering a nd developing the rich cultures which African countries have.For this reason, policy formulation as regards this situation was clearly addressed in the content of education which African countries were to provide to their people. The content of education was adapted to the culture of the people in any particular African country. In entertain of this assertion, Eshiwani (1993), states that the commission which was assigned to review Kenyas education system in 1963 recommended that Kenyan schools were to respect the ethnical traditions of the people of the country, both as expressed in social institutions and relationships.Similarly, Damachi et al (1978), reports that education policies in African countries after attainment of independence were influenced by the need to enhance every aspect of human development which implicated the promotion of cultural heritage. Consequently, African countries were to state clearly their language of instruction in their education system both at low er and higher levels. This was done with the sole aim of promoting the preservation of cultural heritage and national unity.To this end the education policies which most African countries drafted after the attainment of independence were pitch towards learners understanding of past and present cultural values and their valid place in contemporary society. Education for Self Reliance The education policies of African countries were influenced by the need for the curriculum offered to respond to the attainment of self reliance. Thus the recipients of such education were supposed to engage themselves in self employing activities.The curriculum of African countries stress practical subjects in order to ensure the achievement of self reliance by learners. It was realised that the kind of education which was offered in some countries in Africa was to a fault bookish and academic. The education system in most African countries separated manual work from learning. Thus theory was separa ted from practice. This situation further anomic young people from their societies. Therefore, education reforms in most African countries were fateful so as transposition this trend.As Bishop (1989116), reports By the mid 1950s it was being argued once again that schooling should be meliorate principally through curriculum reform to include more practical and vocational studies Similarly, Carmody (1994), reports that Zambias introductory National Development Plan pointed to the need for more and more relating secondary education to the needs of the country by diversifying the secondary school syllabus into technical and commercial-grade fields and giving a new place to agriculture. Therefore, it can be pointed out that education policies in African countries were supposed to address the concept of self reliance.Academic schooling was to be placed side by side with technical and vocational training in African countries. Improvement of Education power The education policies of most African countries after achieving independence were influenced by the need of improving the efficiency of the education systems. In education systems of African countries, it was felt that there was no correlation between inputs and out puts as well as between costs and returns. Education policies were centred on the need of making the systems of education to be more efficient.That is, the education systems were supposed to achieve their output at the lowest cost and also get the greatest return for a given cost. According to Bishop (1989), most education systems in African countries after achieving independence were inefficient, particularly at secondary and higher levels. The inputs such as expenditure per student or teacher training did not seem to have the effects on test scores which educators anticipated. Therefore, education policies were designed in a manner that would make the education systems in newly independent African countries to be more efficient.Additionally, education in many African countries was dysfunctional. It relied heavily on rote learning and led to an inappropriate reverence for paper qualifications. Furthermore, most curricular in African countries were irrelevant to pupils future lives and created an imbalance with many school leavers unemployed. Consequently, African countries hypothesise policies which were aimed at addressing the challenges which were faced in education systems. Education as a means of fostering supranational consciousness Education policies in African countries were influenced by the need to foster planetary consciousness in learners.Education policies as complimented by the content of education provided to learners was supposed to ensure that positive attitudes towards other countries as well as the international community were upheld. This was accentuate because no country existed as an island. Each country depended on others for its prosperity. Therefore, it was essential that learners were provid ed with education that would instil international consciousness for the purpose of promoting cooperation among countries. CHAPTER THREE. 3. 0 CONCLUSION Education policies in African countries after their achievement of independence were influenced by a number of factors.Some of the major factors which influenced education policies in African countries included manpower shortages, recognition of education as a basic human right, consideration of education as a tool for development, modernisation, improving education efficiency, need for citizens political participation, and promotion of international consciousness among learners as well as self reliance. Changes in education policies were inevitable due to the fact that African countries experienced change in government.A change in government is associated with an ideological shift, thus aspects of the education system in a given countrywill be in a continual state of reformation. Hence, changes occurred in education aspects such as content, teaching methodologies, assessment and structure. REFERENCES.Anderson, C. A (1974), Education and Development Re considered, Newyork praeger Publishers. Bartlett, S and Burton, D (2012), Introduction to Education Studies, Los Angeles Sage Publishers. Bishop, G (1989), Alternative Strategies for Education, capital of the United Kingdom and Basingstoke Macmillan Carmody, B (1994), The Evolution of Education in Zambia, Lusaka Book World Publishers. Coombs, P. H (1970), The Need for a New Strategy of Education Development, Paris UNESCO.Court, D and Kinyanjui, K, K (1978), Development Policy and Education Opportunity The Experience of Tanzania and Kenya, Paris Macmillan. Cowan, J. O (1965), Education and National Building in Africa, capital of the United Kingdom Macmillan Damachi, U. G, Routh, G and Abdel, R. A (1978), Development Paths in Africa and China, London and Basingstoke Macmillan. Eshiwani, G. S (1993), Education in Kenya since Independence, Nairobi easternmost Afri can Education Publishers Fafunwa, A. B (1974), History of Education in Nigeria, London Macmillan Press. Inkeles, A and Smith, D (1974), seemly Modern, Massachusetts Harvard University Press.